Definition and Examples of Nominalization in Grammar

Definition and Examples of Nominalization in Grammar In English grammar, nominalization is a type of word formation in which a verb or an adjective (or another part  of speech) is used as (or transformed into) a noun. The verb form is nominalize. It is also called nouning. In transformational grammar, nominalization refers to the derivation of a noun phrase from an underlying clause. In this sense, an example of nominalization is the destruction of the city, where the noun destruction corresponds to the main verb of a clause and the city to its object (Geoffrey Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar,  2006). Examples and Observations English is truly impressive . . . in the way it lets you construct nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns; blogger and blogosphere are examples. All you have to do is add one of an assortment of suffixes: -acy (democracy), -age (patronage), -al (refusal), -ama (panorama), -ana (Americana), -ance (variance), -ant (deodorant), -dom (freedom), -edge (knowledge), -ee (lessee), -eer (engineer), -er (painter), -ery (slavery), -ese (Lebanese), -ess (laundress), -ette (launderette), -fest (lovefest), -ful (basketful), -hood (motherhood), -iac (maniac), -ian (Italian), -ie or -y (foodie, smoothy), -ion (tension, operation), -ism (progressivism), -ist (idealist), -ite (Israelite), -itude (decripitude), -ity (stupidity), -ium (tedium), -let (leaflet), -ling (earthling), -man or -woman (Frenchman), -mania (Beatlemania), -ment (government), -ness (happiness), -o (weirdo), -or (vendor), -ship (stewardship), -th (length), and -tude (gratitude). . . . At the present moment, everybody seems to be going a bit nuts with noun creation. Journalists and bloggers seem to believe that a sign of being ironic and hip is to coin nouns with such suffixes as -fest (Google baconfest and behold what you find), -athon, -head (Deadhead, Parrothead, gearhead), -oid, -orama, and -palooza. (Ben Yagoda, When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway, 2007) Nominalization in Scientific and Technical Writing The forces which operate to encourage nominalization are understandable. Dealing continually in concepts, scientific and technical writers tend to isolate activities such as experimenting, measuring, and analysing as abstract conceptual units in their minds. They are also pushed towards passive constructions, both by tradition and by their own desire to step aside and allow their work to speak for itself. These forces produce characteristic constructions such as: A similar experiment was carried out using the material . . .Sigma preparation was carried out as described . . . So common has carried out become as a general purpose verb that it is a recognized marker of scientific reporting, and television news bulletins commonly adopt the construction when reporting scientific work. . . .Once recognized, nominalization is easy to correct. Whenever you see general-purpose verbs such as carry out, perform, undertake, or conduct look for the word which names the action. Turning the name of the activity back into a verb (preferably active) will undo the nominalization, and make the sentence more direct and easier to read.(Christopher Turk and Alfred John Kirkman, Effective Writing: Improving Scientific, Technical, and Business Communication, 2nd ed. Chapman Hall, 1989) The Dark Side of Nominalization It’s not just that nominalization can sap the vitality of one’s speech or prose; it can also eliminate context and mask any sense of agency. Furthermore, it can make something that is nebulous or fuzzy seem stable, mechanical and precisely defined. . . .Nominalizations give priority to actions rather than to the people responsible for them. Sometimes this is apt, perhaps because we don’t know who is responsible or because responsibility isn’t relevant. But often they conceal power relationships and reduce our sense of what’s truly involved in a transaction. As such, they are an instrument of manipulation, in politics and in business. They emphasize products and results, rather than the processes by which products and results are achieved. (Henry Hitchings, The Dark Side of Verbs-as-Nouns. The New York Times, April 5, 2013) Types of Nominalization Nominalization types differ according to the level of organization at which the nominalization takes place (see also Langacker 1991). . . . [T]hree types of nominalizations can be distinguished: nominalizations at the level of the word (e.g. teacher, Sams washing of the windows), nominalizations which nominalize a structure that lies in between a verb and a full clause (e.g. Sams washing the windows) and, finally, nominalizations consisting of full clauses (e.g. that Sam washed the windows). The latter two types deviate from the normal rank scale of units in that they represent nominals or phrases which consist of clausal or clause-like structures. They have therefore been regarded as problematic, and it has even be claimed that that-structures are not nominalizations (e.g., Dik 1997; McGregor 1997). (Liesbet Heyvaert, A Cognitive-Functional Approach to Nominalization in English. Mouton de Gruyter, 2003) Nominalizations properly refer to third-order entities, e.g. Cooking involves irreversible chemical changes, in which cooking refers to the process as a generic type, abstracted from a particular token instance at a specific time. A second kind of nominalization involves reference to second-order entities. Here reference is to particular countable tokens of processes, e.g. The cooking took five hours. The third kind of nominalization has been called improper (Vendler 1968). This refers to first-order entities, things with physical substance and often extended in space, e.g. I like Johns cooking, which refers to the food which results from the cooking, (the RESULT OF ACTION AS ACTION metonymy). (Andrew Goatly, Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology. John Benjamins, 2007)

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster At 11:38 a.m. on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger launched from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. As the world watched on TV, the Challenger soared into the sky and then, shockingly, exploded just 73 seconds after take-off. All seven members of the crew, including social studies teacher Sharon Christa McAuliffe, died in the disaster. An investigation of the accident discovered that the O-rings of the right solid rocket booster had malfunctioned. Crew of the Challenger Christa McAuliffe (Teacher in Space)Dick Scobee (Commander)Mike Smith (Pilot)Ron McNair (Mission Specialist)Judy Resnik (Mission Specialist)Ellison Onizuka (Mission Specialist)Gregory Jarvis (Payload Specialist) Should the Challenger Have Launched? Around 8:30 a.m. on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, in Florida, the seven crew members of the Space Shuttle Challenger were already strapped into their seats. Though they were ready to go, NASA officials were busy deciding whether it was safe enough to launch that day. It had been extremely cold the night before, causing icicles to form under the launch pad. By morning, temperatures were still only 32 ° F. If the shuttle launched that day, it would the coldest day of any shuttle launch. Safety was a huge concern, but NASA officials were also under pressure to get the shuttle into orbit quickly. Weather and malfunctions had already caused many postponements from the original launch date, January 22. If the shuttle didnt launch by February 1, some of the science experiments and business arrangements regarding the satellite would be jeopardized. Plus, millions of people, especially students across the U.S., were waiting and watching for this particular mission to launch. A Teacher on Board Among the crew on board the Challenger that morning was Sharon Christa McAuliffe. McAuliffe, a social studies teacher at Concord High School in New Hampshire, had been chosen from 11,000 applicants to participate in the Teacher in Space Project. President Ronald Reagan created this project in August 1984 in an effort to increase public interest in the U.S. space program. The teacher chosen would become the first private citizen in space. A teacher, a wife, and a mother of two, McAuliffe represented the average, good-natured citizen. She became the face of NASA for nearly a year before the launch, and the public adored her. The Launch A little after 11:00 a.m. on that cold morning, NASA told the crew that launch was a go. At 11:38 a.m., the Space Shuttle Challenger launched from Pad 39-B at the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. At first, everything seemed to go well. However, 73 seconds after lift-off, Mission Control heard Pilot Mike Smith say, Uh oh! Then people at Mission Control, observers on the ground, and millions of children and adults across the nation watched as the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded. The nation was shocked. To this day, many remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they heard that the Challenger had exploded. It remains a defining moment in the 20th century. Search and Recovery An hour after the explosion, search and recovery planes and ships searched for survivors and wreckage. Though some pieces of the shuttle floated on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, much of it had sunken to the bottom. No survivors were found.  On January 31, 1986, three days after the disaster, a memorial service was held for the fallen heroes. What Went Wrong? Everyone wanted to know what had gone wrong. On February 3, 1986, President Reagan established the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Former Secretary of State William Rogers chaired the commission, whose members included Sally Ride, Neil Armstrong, and Chuck Yeager. The Rogers Commission carefully studied pictures, video, and debris from the accident. The Commission determined that the accident was caused by a failure in the O-rings of the right solid rocket booster. O-rings sealed the pieces of the rocket booster together. From multiple uses and especially because of the extreme cold on that day, an O-ring on the right rocket booster had become brittle. Once launched, the weak O-ring allowed fire to escape from the rocket booster. The fire melted a support beam that held the booster in place. The booster, then mobile, hit the fuel tank, causing the explosion. Upon further research, it was determined that there had been multiple, unheeded warnings about the potential problems with the O-rings. The Crew Cabin On March 8, 1986, just over five weeks after the explosion, a search team found the crew cabin; it had not been destroyed in the explosion. The bodies of all seven crew members were found, still strapped into their seats. Autopsies were done but exact cause of death was inconclusive. It is believed that at least some of the crew survived the explosion, since three of four emergency air packs found had been deployed. After the explosion, the crew cabin fell over 50,000 feet and hit the water at approximately 200 miles per hour. No one could have survived the impact.

Molecular Biology of the Cell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Molecular Biology of the Cell - Assignment Example Be it the way the petals of a sunflower are arranged, or the way feathers are organized on a bird’s wings, patterns will be observed. Even at the microscopic level, biological order exists. Organs, for instance, are composed of a single type of tissues. Tissues, on the other hand, are composed of a single type of cells. An organism is not simply a random collection of individual cells (Gerhardt et al., 1994). Rather, it is a product of an ordered grouping of cells. Next, living things demonstrate the ability to reproduce. According to the Cell Theory, only life begets life (Alberts et al., 1994). Only dogs bear pups; only trees give off seedlings, and only bears deliver bear cubs. The third property is growth and development. Over time, multicellular organisms increase in size, as a result of the increase in the number of cells in its body. Among unicellular organisms, growth can be observed as an increase in the size of its population (Beveridge et al., 2007). Development can not be any simpler than the ones at the cellular level when DNA replicates and microtubules elongate during the course of mitosis. Fourth, living things respond to stimuli. A Mimosa pudica, for example, will close its leaves if you touch them. A sea squirt will release water from its siphons when disturbed. Organisms, whether sedentary or mobile, respond to their environment. Finally, all organisms utilize energy. A butterfly, for instance, obtains food in the form of nectar and transforms it into energy to power its activities. It might not be possible to capture or observe all of these properties within three days (e.g. giving birth) especially if the organism is sedentary. In such cases, taking a piece from the target sample for further examination might be helpful. If these organisms share a resemblance to living creatures on earth, their building blocks are similar to the morphology and properties of cells.

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Criminal Law - Essay Example For instance, false imprisonment may occur when an armed gang takes control of a bank or any other institution and orders everyone in the building to a certain room and locks them up without their will or consent. Kidnapping is a crime where a person transported from one place to another without his or her will, or confining a person to an isolated place by the use of force. The difference between false imprisonment and kidnapping is that in false imprisonment is the use of force and threat is practiced, though force and threat are elements of kidnapping it is far from kidnapping (Senjo, 2011). Kidnapping is a situation where an individual is restraint by circumstances that he or she will be exposed to serious body harm if the victim does not give in to the demands of the perpetrator. In false imprisonment, the victims are not transported to another location while in kidnapping the victim is transported. False arrest is a situation where a law enforcement officer without his or her legal consent detains a person. but in a case where a law enforcement officer makes an arrest to probable cause and shows that his or her action were supported by a probable cause then the law enforcement officer will bear no

THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS

THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS Doctor Faustus is a play written by Christopher Marlowe, based on the Faust story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge. Doctor Faustus was first published in 1604, eleven years after Marlowes death and at least twelve years after the first performance of the play. Faustus is seen as a tragic hero since he is a character that makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw which combined with fate external forces, brings on a tragedy. This tragic flaw leading to either action or inaction is the beginning of the characters downward sprial, which was originally caused by his great character trait. Faustus is a scholar who has great intelligence, ambition and honor; these aspects of his personality are often his weakness, as well as his greatest personality trait, leads him into conflict. He is not a villain, his aims are good but means to achieve it are not. Faustus comments that he has reached the end of every subject he has studied. He appreciates Logic as being a tool for arguing; Medicine as being unvalued unless it allowed raising the dead and immortality; Law as being upstanding and above him; Divinity as useless because he feels that all humans commit sin, and thus to have sins punished by death complicates the logic of Divinity. He dismisses it as What doctrine call you this? (What will be, shall be). Actually, he was aware of every art that mankind could be able to learn. Philosophy is odious and obscure, Both law and physic are for petty wits, Divinity is basest of the three- Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible and vile. Tis magic, magic that hath ravished me! Then, gentle friends, aid me in this attempt (100 105) You shouldnt finish your paragraph with a quotation. You should devote a line or two to analyse it and try to connect it to the point you want to prove, which is that Faustus is a tragic hero. Nonetheless, he was not satisfied with everything he knew so he called upon his servant Wagner to bring for Valdes and Cornelius, two famous magicians. The good angel and the bad angel dispense their own perspective of his interest in Satan. Though Faustus is momentarily dissuaded, proclaiming How am I glutted with conceit of this? He is apparently won over by the possibilities Magic offers to him. Valdes declares that if Faustus devotes himself to Magic, he must vow not to study anything else and points out that great things are indeed possible with someone of Faustus standing. The miracles that magic will perform Will make thee vow to study nothing else. (130 131) Thereafter, Doctor Faustus makes an accord with the Devil in order to achieve what he wants. Right there, Faustus, Lucifer and other devils created a circle and speak an incantation. Then a devil named Mephistopheles appears before him. Faustus is unable to tolerate the hideous looks of the devil and commands it to change its appearance. Faustus, in seeing the obedience of the devil (for changing form), takes pride in his skill. He tries to bind the devil to his service but is unable to because Mephistopheles already serves Lucifer, the prince of devils. Mephistopheles also reveals that it was not Faustuss power that summoned him but rather anyone that abjured the scriptures would result in the devil coming to claim ones soul. Again you are re-telling me the story, but I can ´t see the point when you connect the characteristics of the tragic hero with those present in Faustus. I charge you to return and change thy shape, Thou art too ugly to attend on me. Go, and return an old Franciscan friar: That holy shape becomes a devil best How pliant is this Mephistopheles, Full of obedience and humility, Such is the force of magic and my spells (Iii 25 33) I am a servant of to great Lucifer And may not follow thee without his leave. No more than he commands must we perform (Iii 39 41) Using Mephistopheles as a messenger, Faustus strikes a deal with Lucifer: he is to be allotted twenty-four years of life on Earth, during which time he will have Mephistopheles as his personal servant. At the end he will give his soul over to Lucifer as payment and spend the rest of time as one damned to Hell. This deal is to be sealed in Faustus own blood. After having cut his arm, the wound is divinely healed and the Latin words Homo, fuge! (Man, fly!) appear upon it. Despite the dramatic nature of this obvious divine intervention, Faustus disregards the inscription with the presumption that he is already damned by his actions thus far, therefore left with no place to which he could flee. Mephistopheles brings coals to break the wound open again, and thus Mephistopheles begins his servitude and Faustus his oath. To sum up, Faustus own greed drove him to the grave and ruin. The Devil claimed his property and take Doctor Faustus to the depths forever. Juan, Im sorry to tell you but althugh this essay strangely displays a perfect grammar (for evidently theres cut and paste from wikipedia for MOST of the essay) you are not proving the point you are supposed to. Bear in mind the characteristics of the tragic hero and connect them to evidence y the text. Im quite disappointed, in fact. Mark: 4 (four)

John Proctor vs. Arthur Dimmesdale Essay

The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible both have main characters that can relate to each other even though they are in two different stories. Arthur Dimmesdale, one of the main characters of The Scarlet Letter, is a respected reverend in society that commits a horrendous and sinful act, adultery, with a woman named Hester Prynne. John Proctor, a main character from The Crucible, commits adultery as well with his servant, Abigail Williams. These two characters, aside from the others that have a role in the story, are perhaps the best comparison due to their similarities in flaws and differences in which the way they act. They are both different, because John holds a different personality compared to Arthur in how John is not as accepting to the truth as Arthur is. Also, Dimmesdale does not have a passion or desire to threaten anyone. Both of them are similar though, because they broke the moral and ethics of what they learned religiously, and committed adultery as a result. Although Proc tor and Dimmesdale have many differences, they can relate in some ways with one another. Proctor and Dimmesdale are different from one another, because John cannot accept the truth and reality in the world unlike Dimmesdale. John could not accept the fact that his wife knew about his affair with Abigail and told his wife, Elizabeth, to mind her own business. The quote, â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬ËœYou will not judge me more, Elizabeth. I have good reason to think before I charge fraud on Abigail, and I will think on it. Let you look to your own improvement before you go to judge your husband anymore. I have forgot Abigail, and †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Miller, 52), exemplifies how Proctor cannot accept the truth and fear of what the reality actually is. Dimmesdale though, is very accepting to the truth on how he is judged not only by everyone, but by god as well. The statement, â€Å"‘The judgment of God is on me,’ answered the conscience- stricken priest. ‘It is too mighty for me to struggle with!’.† (Hawthorne, 177) This quote symbolizes how Dimmesdale has accepted that judgment will be everywhere due to his actions of adultery and has learned to bear the truth. Besides their difference of their view on the â€Å"truth† they have other differences as well. Also, they are different because John threatens Abigail a lot in the play,  but Arthur does not look to seek threaten anyone. Proctor, for instance, made a threat to Abigail by implying, â€Å"You will tell the court you are blind to spirits; you cannot see them any more, and you will never cry witchery again, or I will make you famous for the whore you are!† (Miller, 143). He threatened her so that she will confess and let his wife get out of jail a free woman. Arthur in turn though, does not threaten anyone throughout the whole story despite the many threats Chillingworth has made against him. Chillingworth implied, â€Å"The intellect of Roger Chillingworth had now a sufficiently plain path before it. It was not, indeed, precisely that which he had laid out for himself to tread. Calm, gentle, passionless, as he appeared, there was yet, we fear, a quiet depth of malice, hitherto latent, but active now, in this unfortunate old man, which led him to imagine a more intimate revenge than any mortal had ever wreaked upon an enemy.† (Hawthorne, 127). Despite this horrific thought from Roger, Arthur made no move to try to threaten and scare him in any way. Despite their many differences, they have similarities as well. Proctor and Dimmesdale are similar, because they broke the morals and beliefs in both their society and religious teachings. Dimmesdale had an affair with Hester Prynne and implies, â€Å"If thou feelest it to be for thy soul’s peace, and that thy earthly punishment will thereby be made more effectual to salvation, I charge thee to speak out the name of thy fellow-sinner and fellow-sufferer!† (Hawthorne, 63). This explains that he broke one of the morals in not only society, but in religion as well by having an affair with Prynne. Proctor as well demonstrates breaking the social and religious morals, by having an affair with Abigail. The quote, â€Å"No more! I should have roared you down when first you told me your suspicion. But I wilted, and, like a Christian, I confessed. Confessed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Miller, 52), reveals that John did have an affair and broke the morals of his religion. Proctor and Dimmesdale are both similar in that they let their own minds lose control of their self-control which led them to do this. John and Arthur may be two different people that have many differences, but they also have some similarities. John is different from Dimmesdale in which he cannot accept the truth, and is always threatening people. Arthur,  though, is a bit more self-controlled compared to Proctor. But, they have the similarity of committing the affair and having to live with the guilt in their hearts for a long time. Even though they come from two very different stories, they have a similarity that cannot be looked passed upon.

Jewish Virtual Library ( Bard, 1998 ) - 1482 Words

Introduction Israel is sought and acknowledged by many people for its religious tides. In this paper the readers will gain extensive knowledge of Israel’s history. In addition, readers will gain information on the challenges that impact the way business is conducted in Israel through current culture and political environments, business ethics, and corruption. As well as, trading, Free Trade Agreements, and trends. Historical Background The country of Israel was founded in early 1948 (Bard, 1998). Israel is currently, the only Jewish state in the world and was recently ranked by US News and World Reports, as the 8th most powerful country in the world in 2015 as stated in article Jewish virtual library (Bard, 1998). Israel has a terrain which consists of mostly mountains, plains, coasts, and desert. The country has a population of about 7.59 million citizens with an annual population growth rate of (2009 est.): 1.7% (Background notes on countries of the world: Israel, 2010). Since the 1980’s, Israel began to earn a sufficient amount of wealth from the country’s natural resources in fertilizers and pesticides, petrochemicals and plastics. Unfortunately for Israel, every good thing eventually comes to an end. While the country has had a lot of natural resources in the past, the country began to see more pollution and a steady decline in the country’s resources in the year 2012. As mentioned in t he article, The Environmental Impact of Israeli Settlements on the OccupiedShow MoreRelatedAllied Response to The Holocaust1142 Words   |  5 PagesActions Speak Louder than Words: Allied Response to the Holocaust The extermination of Jewish people during World War II was a horrific and merciless event that was effectively stopped by the Allies. Once the Allies became aware of the Holocaust, they immediately took action to end it. There have been countless suggestions of what the Allies could have done to prevent the Holocaust, however those would not have been as effective as the solution the Allies had put in place. Despite arguments thatRead MoreA Paradox Of Innocence : An Essay3669 Words   |  15 Pagesconcentration camp right next door to his house and exterminating Jews including his new friend Shmuel. Instead, Bruno acquired an irreproachable friendship due to his innocent way of thinking that allowed for him to ignore society’s prejudices against his Jewish friend Shmuel. This essay will provide information regarding the Holocaust and hash treatment of the Jews within the German concentration camp â€Å"Auschwitz†. This essay will then offer a brief summary of the eve nts within The Boy in the Striped Pajamas